acideolate (hymenophore): with points or spines. acyanophilous: not cyanophilous. adder-patterned: stipe exhibits pattern of irregular zig-zag bands (arising through tearing of an outer layer of tissue or a veil). adnate(gill attachment): C Fig 12a, joined to the stipe by the entire depth of the gill M lamellae or tubes are in contact with stipe for most of their depth (Fig. 414, right). adnexed(gill attachment): C gill much narrower where attached to the stipe M lamellae or tubes are in contact with stipe only for a part of their depth (Fig. 414, left). agaric: a species in the Agaricaceae (sensu lato), i.e. with cap and gills, nearly always with a stipe. Most mushrooms and toadstools, but not boletes. Not to be confused with the genus Agaricus, Fig 31. agaricoid: like an agaric Fig 31. allantoid: sausage-shaped, cylindrically curved. alpine: vegetation zone above 2200 m, characterised by the absence of trees. amphimitic: (referring to hyphae system of tramae) composed of generative and binding hyphae. amyloid: C staining blue-black with iodine M spore or hyphal membranes (or parts thereof, or surfaces of sculptures) colour blue (violet) with Melzer's reagent. Amyloidity can also be determined macroscopically in many cases: a layer of spore powder as thick as possible is moistened with a few drops of Melzer's reagent, this is drained off after 2-3 minutes of reaction and a drop of conc. HCl added. Amyloid spore powder turns blue-grey, blue or violet. anaerobic: in the absence of free oxygen. anamorph: imperfect state of a fungus, i.e. asexual form characterised by conidiomata (asexual spores). anastomosing(gills from below): C Fig l0e, running together irregularly to give a vein-like network M transversely interconnected lamellae etc. which form a network of ridges or chamber-like pockets (expression can also be used for spore ornamentation). angular (pore shape): Fig l0i. annulus aurnilus: remnant of the partial veil which joined the cap margin to the stipe when young and remains on the stipe as a membranous ring of tissue. Commonly known as a ring. apex (stipe): top of the stipe. apical: C concerning the apex or top M close to the top, i.e. referring to the stipe, tip of cystidium etc. apiculus: C small raised scar left by the sterigma at the base of Basidiomycotina spores; hilar appendage M the often somewhat pointed end of the spore by means of which it was attached to the sterigma. apothecium, plural apothecia: term used for the discs of the Pezizomycetideae. A cup or saucer-like ascoma in which the hymenium is exposed at maturity. appendiculate (cap margin): Fig 8d, fringed with attached, hanging veil remains. appressed (scales, sporophore etc.): closely flattened down, lying flat against another organ. arching (gill shape): Fig 11g, gill shaped like an are (concave) and running down the stipe. arcuate (gill iii shape): Fig 11g, arching, see arching. areolate: divided by cracks into blocks or ... circular areas which may be differently coloured. ascending (ring): Fig 20c, the free upper part of a veil sheathing the stipe like a sock. (Gill) curving upwards and ± narrow where attached to the stipe. asco: popular abbreviated term for a member of the Ascomycotina. ascocarp: a misleading term often applied to the ascoma. ascoma, plural ascomata: sporophore of the Ascomycotina. ascospore: Fig 23, spore originating in an ascus. ascus, plural asci: Fig 22, reproductive sac-like cell of the Ascomycotina. aseptate: without septa. asterostromelloid: tissue consisting of hyphae with other hyphae branching off ± at right angles at short intervals, their ends thus having a star-like appearance. atlantique: area fairly near the Atlantic Ocean whose flora is influenced by the oceanic climate. attachment (gill): Fig 12, concerns the manner in which the gills are attached to the apex of the stipe. authority: name, often abbreviated, of the mycologist(s) responsible for the taxonomy and nomenclature of a taxon, cited after the Latin binomial. autotrophic: not using organic compounds as primary sources of energy, i.e. using energy from light or inorganic reactions.

bald: cap surface without hairs, tomentum, scales etc. bases: ammonia (aqueous solution of ammonia gas NH₃) and potassium hydroxide KOH are bases commonly used as reagents. basidiocarp: misleading term often applied to a basidioma. basidiome, plural basidiomata: sporophore of the basidiomycotina. basidiospore: Fig 25, spore produced from a basidium. basidioles: club-shaped cells of the hymenium without sterigmata (thus sterile or young basidia). basidium, plural basidia: C Fig 24, reproductive cell of the Basidiomycotina M the usually ± club-shaped/clavate cells of the hymenium which support spores on their (usually 2 or 4) extensions (sterigmata), Fig. 429. basionym: the earliest name of a taxon on which a later name has been founded. belted: stipe with one or more distinct (often fibrillose) veil zones like a belt. bilateral: usually refers to the gill trama, the hyphae run ± symetrically from the middle to the two hymenial surfaces of the gill (as seen in cross-section). The subhymenium is sometimes distinct through having differently formed cells or hyphae (Figs. 420, 424, 427). binomial: the scientific two-part Latin (or Latinised) name for a living organism. The name of the Genus (capital letter) is followed by the name of the species (specific epithet) (to small case). The binomial is, by convention, written in italics. bioluminescent: spontaneously emitting light. bistre: a warm brown colour, like sepia. bitunicate: asci which have a double wall. blunt (cap): Fig 6i, with a rounded edge. bulb (stipe): Fig 17c, d, e, ± clearly delimited swelling at the base of the stipe. booted: stipe with covering of fibrous, floccose or granular veil extending in a stocking-like fashion over lower part of stipe (usually c. 1/2 to 3/4 of stipe) and terminating in a ± ring-like fashion. brush-cells: cap skin cells or cystidia with short, wart-like or finger-like outgrowths (Figs. 342, 398).

caespitose: in groups, cluster, or tufts. Individuals growing closely together but not joined. calcareous (soils): containing calcium, i.e. chalk or limestone. calcicolous: growing on calcareous sites. callus: thin-walled, convex (not truncated) point on spore wall at apical end. campanulate(cap): C Fig 6f, bell-shaped, i.e. tall convex M cap is bell-shaped with outer edge often somewhat curved upwards (Figs. 46, 99). cap: Figs 5-9, the umbrella-like expansion at the apex of the stipe which bears the hymenium; the common name for the pileus. capitulum (Gasteromycetes): a mass of sterile thread-like tubes or fibres. capitate: having a well-formed head. carminophilous: see siderophilous. carpophore: a misleading term for the sporophore of fleshy fungi. carr: wetland site dominated by alder or willow. cartilaginous: C rather firm and flexible like cartilage M flesh tough, but not hard, usually snapping when bent. caulocystidia: C cystidia found on the surface of the stipe M cystidia on stipe surface. cavities (stipe): Fig 18e, large irregular hollow places in the core of the stipe, visible in section. central (stipe): Fig 16a, located in the middle. centripetal (gill): Fig 14b, ripening towards the centre. cep: term reserved for boletes in the Boletus edulis group, (often wrongly used for any bolete). chambered (stipe): Fig 18e, large irregular hollow places in the core of the stipe, visible to section. cheilocystidium, plural cheilocystidia: C Fig 26d, e, i, cystidium on the edge of the hymenophore M cystidia on lamellae edges. chitin: a complex polysaccharide chemical that is a major constituent of fungal cell walls. chlamydospore: C asexual reproductive cell with thick membrane (for durability) which is formed by being 'cut off' (budded) from hyphae M a thick-walled asexual spore developed from hyphae that serves to survive adverse conditions. chromosome: a rod-like structure in the cell nucleus which carries the genes in linear order. chrysocystidium, plural chrysocystidia: Fig 26h, cystidium with refractive contents, staining yellow in ammonia and fixing Cresyl Blue M cystidia containing an amorphous internal body which colours yellow in ammonia or KOH (in fact often yellow already itself). ciliate: C with a fringe of marginal hairs M lamellae edges finely floccose or toothed (through strongly developed cheilocystidia). Frequently more lightly coloured than gill or even white (use magnifying glass). cinnabar: bright, rather orange red. circular (cap): Fig 5a. circumsesi1e (volva): edge distinctly roflec and forming a level ridge around the stipe clamps: 'clamp connections' C Figs 2e, 30, a hyphal outgrowth which, at cell division, makes a connection between the two resulting cells by fusion with the lower. Often shortened to clamp M short, curved or enlarged parts of hyphae which are often observed as a bulge near the septa and whose origin is connected with the division of the nucleus. clavarioid: club-shaped, like the Clavariaceae. clavate (stipe): Fig 15d, club-shaped. cleistothecium: a 'fruit-body' having no special opening, e.g. an ascoma of Erysiphaceae. clitocyboid: Fig 31b, applied to any fungus with decurrent gills, fleshy-fibrous stipe, and without a ring or volva. cloudy (gill): Fig 14a, uneven colouring of the gill by the ripening spores. club-shaped (stipe): Fig 15d, with the thick end at the base, gradually tapering upwards coenocytic (thallus): p3l, non-cellular, in the sense of non-septate. cogwheel (ring): Fig 20b. collar (gills from below): C Figs l0f, 12d M lamellae forming a collar-like junction around stipe (Fig. 54). collybioid: Fig 31d, applied to any fungus with attached gills, cartilaginous or brittle stipe, a convex cap with an incurved to decurved margin, as well as without a ring or volva. columella: the sterile central axis to the Gasteromycetes. concave (cap): Fig 6k, hollow. concavely adnate: lamellae edges distinctly concave and attached to stipe over whole depth of gill. (Fig. 416). concolorous: of the same colour. confluent: going towards the same point. conidium: an asexually formed fungal spore. conidiophore: a simple or branched hypha on which conidia are borne. connate (stipe): joined by growth; e.g. when the bases of stipes of several sporocarps are joined together. context (of hymenomycetes): the interior portion of the pileus, gills or stipe, excluding the cuticle, when viewed with the naked eye, usually referred to as the flesh. continental: used for areas with a harsh climate, very cold winters and hot summers, far from the moderating influence of the sea; especially central Europe. convergent (hymenophoral trama): Fig 27c. convex (cap): Fig 6c, rounded like au inverted bowl. coprophile: growing on dung. corky: tough, leathery, dry and fairly hard Iike cork. cortex: C the outermost zone, a ± thick outer covering M the outer layer of stipe or other body which is of denser structure than the interior (and often also longitudinally fibrous). corticioid: crust-like. corticolous: growing on bark. cortina: C Fig 20g, filamentous partial veil M cob-web like veil which covers not the whole fruit-body but just the hymenium, usually joining cap margin to stipe. cortinate: having a cortina. coumarin (smell of): a smell like new mown hay or sweet venial grass. creamy (ring): with the consistency of cream. crenate (gill edge): Fig 13c, with rounded teeth. crowded: refers to lamellae spacing, i.e.:close to one another. crust: a commonly used term for resupinate Aphyllophoromycetideae with a smooth or almost smooth hymenophore. crystal-bearing cystidia: cystidia which carry at their apices single, or whole heads of crystals (possibly calcium oxalate, at least in some cases (Figs. 337, 338, 367-371). cuticle: C Fig 29, a commonly used, but incorrect term for the pellis or outermost layers (skin), especially of the cap, of higher fungi. A botanical term, properly applied to the waxy surface of certain leaves, it could perhaps be used to describe the varnished surface of certain polypores M a cap skin formcd from ± radially arranged hyphae of differing density to underlying tissue. cutis: Fig 29a. cyanophilous: cell wall colours blue or violet in cotton-blue (aniline-blue) solution. Phenomenon can be observed in spore walls, spore ornamentation or hyphal walls (see p. 15). cylindric (stipe): Fig 15a. cyphelloid: cup- or tube-llke fruiting body with smooth hymenium. cystidium, plural cystidia: C Fig 26b-j, sterile cells found on the hymenium of Basidiomycotina M sterile, usually enlarged cells and hair-like formations of varying form and function, situated between the basidia in the hymenium and usually projecting out beyond it. They either originate in the subhymenium like the basidia (true cystidia) or deeper, in the trama (pseudocystidia) (Figs. 336-393). There are also cystidia on the cap and stem surfaces. A distinction is made between caulo-, cheilo-, dermato-, pileo-, and pleurocystidia according to where they appear (see under these terms). Pseudocystidia can be further subdivided according to their contents or dyeing characteristics. (Lacteo-cystidia with milky juice; gloeocystidia with oily contents metachromatic in cresyl-blue; chrysocystidia with contents yellowing in ammonia or KOH; phaeocystidia with brownish, weakly dextrinoid contents; and macrocystidia becoming blue in sulphovanillin, black in sulphobenzaldehyde, i.e. metuloids (q.v.)). cytological: concerning cell form, formation and structure.

daedalloid: Fig 10k, maze-like, labyrinthine. decorticated (wood): devoid of bark. decurrent(gil1 attachment): C Fig 12h, i, extending downward on the stipe M lamellae run down stipe for a certain distance (Fig. 417). deep (gill shape): Fig 11d. dehiscence: the way in which au initially closed structure opens. deliquescent: becoming liquid after the spores mature, dissolving. deliquescing: lamellae and cap do not rot but dissolve away, often very rapidly, at maturity into ± liquid drops containing spores (e.g. Coprinus). dendrophyses: cells (usually cheilocystidia or dermatocystidia) with pronounced (antler-like) branching. denticulate: finely toothed. depressed(cap): C Fig 61, having the middle of the cap sunken slightly lower than the margin M a cap whose centre is dished or flatly depressed (Fig. 32). dermatocystidia: cystidia on cap skin (also called pileocystidia) (sometimes also used for caulocystidia). dermatophyte: a fungus parasitising tissue (hair, skin, nails) of man and animals. descending (ring): Fig 20a, superior. (Gill) sloping or arching decurrent. dextrinoid (also pseudamyloid): C staining red brown with iodine M spores or hyphae which colour yellow-brown to red-brown or ruby-red with Melzer's reagent or lugol reagents (and retain this colour after rinsing). dikaryon: a cell having two genetically distinct haploid nuclei. dikaryophase: a diploid phase having a dikaryon. dimidiate (cap): attached on one side, bracketlike, semi-circular. dimitic (structure): C with two kinds of hyphae M trama consisting of generative and binding hyphae or skeletal hyphae, i.e. hyphae of two types. disc: the central part of the cap surface. discoid: disc-shaped. discolouring: losing colour, usually with age. disrupting: breaking up into scales, etc. distant: refers to lamellae spacing, i.e. relatively far apart. divergent (hymenophoral trama): Fig 27b. diverticulate: branched. double (ring): Fig 20b, composed of two layers of tissue, the lower layer being distinctly cottony or fibrillose, perhapsforming a cogwheel; Fig 20d, both au inferior and superior ring present.

eccentric (stipe): Fig 16b, off centre of cap but not at margin. (=excentric). ectomycorrhiza: the characteristic mycorrhiza of forest trees in which growth is ± confined to the surface of the roots. edge (gill): Fig 13f, the free extreme margin as distinct from the faces. emarginate: lamellae (or tubes) indented at the stipe junction and decurrent down the stipe for short distance (Fig. 415). encrusted(cystidia): C Fig26g. Cystidia maybe encrusted with a crystalline or amorphous deposit, particularly at the apex M hyphae (or cystidia) exhibit lumpy or crystal-like, granular particles on their surfaces. endemic: used to describe a taxon which only occurs in a given geographical location. endomycorrhiza: a mycorrhiza in which the fungus invades the roots. endoperidium: in Gasteromycetidae, the lower layer of the covering of the basidioma. endosporium: the innermost wall of a spore, usually thin and the last to develop. entire (gill edge): even and smooth, not interrupted at all. ephemeral: not attached and soon disappearing. epicutis: C the outermost layer of the pellis ('cuticle'), properly called suprapellis M uppermost layer of multi-layered cap skin or cuticle (structures different). epigeal: fruiting bodies which grow on surface of ground. epimembranary (pigment): Fig 28a, form on the outer wall of a hypha and appear as spirals, rings, pegs or irregular clumps. episporium: the thick fundamental layer which determines the shape of the spore. epithelium: C Fig 29d, a type of pellis (cuticle) with highly inflated elements in many-layered trama M accumulation of rounded (or broadly elliptical) cells (often in chains) which are equivalent to a transformed trichoderm (or trichodermal palisade) (often breaking up into single cells). erect hairs (cap): Fig 9c. erect scales (cap): Fig 9d. eroded (gill edge): Fig 13e. erumpent: growing under the bark through which it bursts at maturity. eutrophic: describes a site rich in nutrients. excentric: usually refers to stipe which is not joined to centre of cap but is offset to one side but not actually at the edge. excipulum: outer layer of the apothecia of Pezizomycetideae. exoperidium: in the Gasteromycetideae, the outer layer of the wall of the basidioma.

fairy ring: p9 and Fig 4, result of the concentric growth of the mycelium. fan-shaped (cap): Fig 5b, like a little tongue, rather spathulate. felted (cutide): strongly and densely fibrillose, appearing felted. fertile: spore-forming, i.e. hymenium, lamellae edges may or may not be fertile. fibrillose (cap): Fig 9; also stipe, covered with fibrils or delicate hairs which are usually long and evenly disposed. fibrous (stipe): Fig 18a, composed of an interwoven, dense mat of fibrils. filamentous: composed of fine threads. fimbriate (cap margin): Fig 8c, finely and irregularly cut, fringed. fistulose (stipe): Fig l5c, pipe-like, hollow. flabelliform: Fig 5b, like a little tongue, rather spathulate. flagellate: with whip-like or thread-like appendages. flat (cap): Fig 6a. flat-convex (cap): Fig 6b. fleecy (cap): Fig 9h, cottony, when the fibrils have the appearance of cotton flannel, often soon disappearing. floccose: see fleecy. floury: cap or stipe surface covered with very fine powdery dust-like flour (see also pruinose). folded: cap surface with deep radial folds (e.g. Coprinus, Psathyrella, Fig. 89) (see also plicate). folds (gills from below): Fig l0g, used to describe gills which look like ridges or thick veins. forked (gills from below): Fig l0c. forking: lamellae regularly (rarely irregularly) branched. free (gill attachment): C Fig 12c, not attached to the stipe M refers to lamellae which do not attach to the stipe but remain separate (Fig. 415, left). friable (texture): breaking up readily or crumbling into small pieces, used to descnbe a fragile volva or a chailcy stipe. fringed (cap margin): 8c. fruit body: term incorrectly used ao describe a sporophore. fugacious: fleeting, ephemeral, short-lived, transient. funiculus: a thread-like joining the peridioles (eggs) to the inside of the peridium (bird's nest) in the Nidulariales. funnel-shaped (cap): Fig 6m, with an extremely deep depression. furfuraceous: scurfy, coarsely pruinose-warty, covered in brain-like particles. furrowed: surface (of cap, stem) with channel-like depression (usually irregular) (Fig. 95). fusiform (stipe): Fig 15g, spindle-shaped, tapering at the top and bottom.

gasteroid: of the Gasteromycetideae type. gelatinous: of a gelatine-like, glassy nature (usually referring to cap or stem surface, hyphae or cap trama). generative hyphae: thin-walled, regularly septate, plasma rich hyphae, usually with clamps. (Dyeing: contents with cotton-blue, walls with congo-red.) germ pore: Fig 25r, a thin spot in the apical end of a spore through which the spore may germinate. germination-pore: a thin, ± flattened point in the spore wall (usually opposite the apiculus), from which the germinating hyphae later emerges (Figs. 258-265, 268). gill: Figs 10-14, the spore-bearing structure of agarics. glabrescent: becoming glabrous. glabrous: completely devoid of hair or fibrils, smooth. glaucous: bluish green or tinged bluish green. gleba: spore-bearing tissue in the Gasteromycetideae. gloeocystidia: C thin-walled, usually irregular, cystidia which are highly refractile and have hyaline or yellowish contents M cystidia with oily or finely granular contents, thin walled, usually elongated. Present in the hymenium, tramae or cap cuticle. (Also formed like hyphae.) Sometimes selectively dyeable with sulphovanillin, sulpho-benzaldehyde, cotton-blue and other dyes. gloeohyphae: see gloeocystidia. gluten: a substance on the surface of some agarics which is sticky when wet. glutinous: covered with a ± sticky substance. goblet-like: cup-shaped fruiting-body with ± well formed stipe. granular (cap): C Fig 9j, covered lia small granules similar to those of salt M cap or stipe surface covered with very fine granules, often remnants of veil. gregarious: growing in groups, trooping. greasy: surface of cap or stipe feels 'buttery' to touch, only very slightly covered with mucilage if at all. grooved (cap margin): Fig 8g, more deeply marked than striate. gutter (volva): Fig 21c, term often used to describe the formation at the top of the volva in Amanita citrina.

habitat: alie immediate environment occupied by an organism. hanging (ring): Fig 20a. haploid: having a single ana of unpaired chromosomes. hemispherical (cap): Fig 6d. heterobasidioma: Figa 24a-c, a basidium showing septation. heterotrophic: using organic compounds as primary sources of energy. hilar depression: the point before the apiculus of a spore (on the lower side) when it is depressed to some extent. hilar spot: spot above the spore's apiculus (usually amyloid). hirsute: having long, coarse, rather untidy hairs. hispid: as above but stiffer or more bristly. hollow (stipe): Fig 18d-e. homobasidium: Figa 24e-h, a single-celled basidium, typical of most agarics. horizontal (gill shape): Fig 11e. humus: soil layer rich in organic matter. hyaline: C looking ± like glass, therefore almost transparent M colourless, transparent. hydnoid: having spines. hygrophanous: C changing colour as it dries M cap discolouring markedly when dry and a different colour when wet from when dry. Often exhibiting two differently coloured zones or flame-like radial markings due to uneven drying. hygroscopic: changing shape in response to atmospheric humidity. hymeniderm: see hymenoderm. hymeniform: constructed like the hymenium (usually of clavate to rounded cells) (especially refers to cap cuticle). hymenium: C a single layer of fertile cells M fertile layer of spore bearing cells (basidia or asci), often intermixed with sterile elements like cystidia etc. hymenoderm: C Fig 29c, a cortical layer composed of hymenium-like units M cap cuticle with such a structure as to resemble a hymenium (Figs. 408, 396). Elements originating at same level! hymenophore: C surface bearing the hymenium M the organs covered by the hymenial layer (lamellae, tubes, spines etc.). hypha, plural hyphae: C fungal cell M thread-like cells of the fungus, which can be subdivided by septa into long or shorter cells and which constitute the mycelium and most tissues of the fruiting-body (Fig. 394). hypoderm: in the wider sense the layer between the epicuticle and the cap flesh (thus usually meaning the same as subcuticle). It should, however, only be used for cellular structures, hyphal structures being designated subcuticle. hypogeous: C describes a fungus 'fruiting' below ground M fruiting body forming below ground.

inferior (ring): Fig 20c, the free upper part of a veil sheathing the stipe like a sock. infundibuliform (cap): Fig 6m, funnel-shaped. innate (fibril): an integral part of the tissue, not standing clear. inner rim (volva): Fig 21e. inoperculate (ascus): Fig 22a, opening by an irregular apical split, lacking a lid. inrolled (cap margin): Fig 7c, curled inwards upon itself. intermediate (gill): Fig 10b, short gills between the long ones. interveined (gills): Fig 10d. interwoven (hymenophoral trama): Fig 27a, hyphae intricately entangled as they project downwards from the cap. intracellular (pigment): occurs within the cell. inverse: usually refers to lamellae trama, the hyphae seem to incline from the outside towards the middle of the lamellae (e.g. Pluteaceae, Fig. 426). involute: cap margin is rolled in towards the lamellae or tubes (Fig. 38). irregular: C (pore shape) Fig l0j M refers to gill trama where hyphae are irregularly interwoven (Fig. 421). isodiametric: radially symmetrical.

karyogamy: the fusion of two sex nuclei after cell fusion. kidney-shaped (cap): Fig 5d.

labyrinthine (pore shape): Fig 10k, maze-like. laciniate: cut into fine strips. lacticiferous: unseptate, thin-walled hyphae with milky or colourless juice or latex. lactifer: (=laticifer), hyphae containing a latex when the basidioma is fresh. lacunose: having irregular pits or cavities. lamella trama: the tissue between the two hymenial layers (lamellae faces) viewed in cross-section can be seen to differ in structure in different groups. lamellae: leaf-like formations of the hymenophore, which run radially from the stipe to the cap margin (abbreviated to L in lamellae counts). lamellate: having gills. lamellules: short larnellae which do not reach the stipe but interspace the long lamellae at the cap margin (abbreviated to l in lamellae counts, only the number of lamellules between two fully formed lamellae is given, thus as a rule l = 1, l = 2, l = 3. .. etc.). lateral (stipe): Fig 16c, describes a stipe attached to the margin or side of the cap. latex: milk exuded by certain fungi. lichenised: describes a fungus living in a symbiotic association with an alga to form a lichen. lignicolous: growing on wood. limoniform: lemon-shaped (e.g. spores). lined (stipe): Fig 19a, striate. lobed (cap margin): Fig 8b. long (gill): Fig l0a, those which reach all the way from the cap margin to the stipe.

maquis: a dense, mostly evergreen shrub community, 1-3 m high, characteristic of the Mediterranean region. marasmioid: Fig 31e. margin: edge of the cap; edge of the bulb if it is sharply defined; sometimes used for the edge of the gills. marginal hairs: hair-like, thin walled cells on lamellae edges, often not distinguished from cheilocystidia. marginate (bulb): Fig 17e, =abruptly bulbous, having a distinct rim. meadow: a generally closed stand (ground completely covered) with perennial herbaceous plants, often permanent grassland. mealy: (smell and texture) like freshly ground meal. Finer in texture than granular. mealy-granular: surface floury dusted with small granules interspersed. mediostratum: the central strand of divergent hymenophoral trama. medula: the central part, the pith'. meiospore: reproductive sexual spores. membrana: a thin skin. membranal (pigment): occurs on the inner portion of the hyphal wall. membranous: cap flesh very thin, when held up to light lamellae are visible through cap surface. merulioid (hymenophore): creased and folded m a network, rather like a shallow honeycomb. metachromatic: a membrane, or a layer of one (from spore, cell or hypha) which in a dye exhibits a different colour from that of the dye, e.g. spores of Macrolepiota after dyeing in cresyl-blue show a blue and a red layer. Observe by daylight! The expression is not used, however, in connection with amyloidity. metuloid (cystidium): C Fig 26b, an encrusted cystidium thick-walled at maturity M ± thick-walled cystidia which originate fairly deep in the hymenophoral tissue (often with crystalline secretion at apex) (Figs. 349, 371). micaceous(cuticle): C looking like mica, finely ornamented with ± shining particles M cap cuticle in dry state glittering slightly as if with minute crystals on surface (usually where there are cellular cap cuticle structures, epithelium etc.). micron: 1/1000 mm abbreviated to μm. milk: term used for the latex exuded by certain fungi, when damaged, especially Lactarius and certain Mycena. mixed: C (ring) Fig 20d, double M refers to irregular trama composed of various types of hyphae. moniliform: chain of cells rather like a necklace. monmitic: see monomictic. monomictic (structure): C having one kind of hyphae only M trama consisting of only one kind of hypha, generative. morphology: form and structure of an organism. mottled (gill): Fig 14a, (stipe or cap) appearing as if covered with spots or patches of different colours or shades. mountain: vegetation zone between 600-800 and 1600-1900m. moveable (ring): Fig 20e, not attached, can be slid up and down the stipe. mucilaginous: heavily covered with mucus. mucronate: C (cap) Fig 6q, with an abrupt, sharp point M with short, truncated apex, e.g. spores (Fig. 313) or cystidia (Fig. 351). mussel-shapes: ± semi-circular, laterally stiped or unstiped fruiting-body (Fig. 38). mycelium: C p8-9, the vegetative body of a fungus, a mass of fine thread-like hyphae, the thallus of a fungus M the hyphal mesh-work of a fungus (excluding the fruiting-body) which lives in earth, wood or other substrates and serves especial]y for the absorption of nutrients. mycenoid: Fig 31f, applied to any fungus with a cartilaginous stipe, attached but not decurrent gills, a bell-shaped or conical cap with a decurved margin and no ring or volva. mycoflora: checklist of the fungal flora of a given area. mycologist: a person studying fungi in a scientific manner in the rather crazy hope of knowing and one day recognising them. mycophile: a person fond of fungi but not from the gastronomic standpoint. mycorrhiza: a plant root morphologically transformed through symbiosis with a fungus. mycorrhizal: describes the symbiotic relationship between a fungus and an autotrophic plant. mycosis: a fungal disease of man or animals.

napiform (volva and bulb): turnip-shaped. netted: spores, cap surface, or stipe surface with a network of veins or ridges. nomenclature: see pl2. non-amyloid: not staining blue-black with iodine. non-metachromatic: not staining reddish to violet in Cresyl Blue. notched (gill attachment): Figs 12a-g, ± abruptly adnexed. nucleus: the organising body within a cell, in which the chromosomes are the most conspicuous feature.

obese (stipe): Fig l5f, extremely swollen. obligate (parasite): one incapable of a free existence. obsolete: weakly developed, hard to perceive. obtuse: blunt. oleiferae: gloeocystidium-like hyphae with strongly refractive contents. omphalinoid: Fig 31c, of any agaric with decurrent or subdecurrent gills, a cartilaginotic stipe, a broadly convex to depressed cap and neither a ring nor a volva. ontogeny: the history of the development of an individual. operculate (ascus): Fig 22b, opening by an apical lid to disperse the spores. ornament: sculpture on spores in form of wart, spine, rib, net, etc. ostiole: a pore or small hole, in particular, the opening of a perithecium in the Pyrenomycetideae and the basidioma in the Gasteromycetideae. overhanging (cap margin): Fig 7e. ozonium: C name commonly given to the red brown fibrous mat associated with certain spp of Coprinus M very strong and often extensive, often brightly coloured, loose hyphal mesh radiating from base of fruiting body.

palisade tissue: hyphal elements of ± parallel orientation, clavate, cylindrical, usually of the cap surface. palissadic: ('cuticle'), formed of elongated erect calls resembling a palisade. papilla: C a small rounded blister-like outgrowth M ± sharp, small, pointed or slightly pimple-like elevation on cap surface. papillate (cap): Fig 6p, having a papilla. parabolic (cap): Fig 6e, with the height greater than the width, the apex rounded. paraderm: cap cuticle of cellular structure. paraphyses: sterile elements found among the sacs of many Ascomycotina. parasite: an organism living at the expense of another living organism to its detriment. partial veil: C Fig 20, tissue connecting the cap margin and the stipe at the primordial stage, protecting the young hymenophore. Often leaves a membranous ring or a filamentous cortina M veil which covers only hymenium (e.g. cortina of Cortinariaceae). pathogen: a parasite causing disease. pectinate: like the teeth of a comb, see striate. pellicle: a detachable filmy skin sometimes covering the 'cuticle'. peridiole: mass like a small egg in the bottom of the cup-like basidioma of the Nidulariales. peridium: the membrana (wall) of the basidioma of the Gasteromycetideae. peristome: an edging around the ostiole of the Gasteromycetideae. perithecium: in the Pyrenomycetideae, a kind of microscopic sphere or flask in which the asci occur. petaloid: petal-like, see spathulate. petiole: a leaf-stalk. phylogenic: concerning natural relationship between two taxa. pileate: C with a pileus or cap M fruiting body with cap or pileus. pileipellis: the scientific term for the outer layer or membrana of the pileus, commonly known as the cuticle, excluding any veils. pileus: scientific name for the cap of a sporophore. pitted: C (cap) Fig 9i, with conspicuous sunken spots M stipe often with irregular pit-like depressions, sometimes also cap (e.g. some Lactarius). plage (spore): C Fig 25q, a flattened area on the dorsal side of the spore M ± distinctly delineated zone on spore wall, above the apiculus, which on warty spores is smooth or distinctly more weakly ornamented (Fig. 318). plasmodium (of Myxomycetes): a mulinucleate motile mass of protoplasm. plasmogamy: fusion between two sexual cells. plastid: a small, variously shaped, self-propagating body in the cytoplasm of plant cells. pleurocystidium, plural pleurocystidia: C facial cystidium (on gill faces) M cystidia on the lateral faces of the lamellae. pleurotoid: Fig 3la, applied to any agaric either without a stipe or with a stipe that is attached in a lateral or eccentric manner. plicate: cap surface with very regular, radial folds best shown in Coprinus. pluteotoid: Fig 31h, applied to any agaric with free or finely adnexed gills, lacking a ring or volva. pointed (cap): Fig 6j. polymorphic: having various shapes. polyphyletic: not descended from a common ancestor. polypore: common name for fungi widi a pored hymenophore that are usually leathery or woody. pore: C mouth of ± narrow tube, e.g. Boletus M open end of the tubes of boletes and polypores. primordium: term for the sporophore when it begins to emerge from the substrate. prismatic (spore): Fig 25j, describes spores with angled faces. pruina: a fine ± floury dust, powder or bloom, mixed with minute drops of daw that can be removed with the finger. pruinose: C having a pruina M cap (more rarely also stipe) with white bloom or powdery covering as on plums or grapes. pseudoamyloid: see dextrinoid. pseudocystidia: in wider sense those cystidia which originate in the tramae, in the narrower sense those which originate in the lacticiferous hyphae of the tramae. pseudoparaphyses: Fig 26f, elements similar to paraphyses found in certain agarics. pubescent: with fine short hairs, downy. pulvinate: cushion-shaped. punctate: C with many dots or hollows M surface of cap or stipe with small, dot-like elevations. Of spores when these exhibit finely dot-like omamentation, but without wart-like protrusions being visible in outline (beware of confusion with plasma granulation!). putrescent: able to rot.

radial: radiating from the centre towards the margin on all sides. ramealis structure: layer or tissue consisting of irregularly branched, coral-like, forking hyphae, often with outgrowths. ramified: branching. raphanoid: like radish. reagent: a substance used as a chemical reaction especially in an analytical test. receptacle: an axis having one or more organs like the stem in Phallales. regular: C (gill edge) Fig 13a, smooth, not toothed or notched in any way M the hyphae especially of gill trama are ± parallel. reniform (cap): Fig 5d. kidney-shaped. resupinate: entirely appressed to the substrate or attached by the top of the cap. reticulate: C (stipe) Fig 19f, (also cap, spore), net M net-like spore ornamentation. revolute (cap margin): Fig 7d, curving upwards. rhizoid : C (stipe) Fig 17a, fine mycelial strand at the base of certain sporophores, smaller than a rhizomorph M root-like mycelial cord at base of the fruiting body. rhizomorph: C (stipe) Fig 17a, mycelial strands massed into a cord, looking like roots M mycelial cords with much thickened (scleroticised) outer layer (e.g. Honey-fungus, Armillaria mellea). ribbed: cap surface especially at margin with raised ridges (more usually called sulcate), also applies to spores. rimose (cap): Fig 9g, cracked, often radially as in Inocybe. ring: C Fig 20, the common name for annulus M ring-like, membranous, woolly-fibrous or even mucilaginous zone on the stipe, that originates either through further growth of cap skin to stipe or from the veil (partial and/or universal) (Figs. 419, 81). rivulose: with concentric cracks, often at the margin. rooting(stipe): C Fig 17b, ± deeply buried in the substrate by ao extended base M the stipe projects deep into the ground and is often thickened to spindle-shape or tapers gradually towards base (Fig. 42). rough (stipe): Fig 19d. round (pore shape): Fig 10h.

sac-like (volva): Fig 21a, open bag-shaped. saline: salty. saprophyte: an organism feeding on dead organic matter. saw-edged: lamellae edges with coarse, but regular notches. scabrid (stipe): Fig 19e, rough. scale: flat piece of tissue broken away from the superficial flesh and sometimes turning up. scaly (cap): Figs 9a and 9h, having scales. sclerotised hyphae: thick-walled, but with septa and often clamps. sclerotium: C a hard mass (of hyphae), often buried in the substrate and from which the sporophore arises in some cases. Serves to overcome adverse conditions M bulbous, hard body, usually in the substrate, which functions as a permanent phase or a storage organ for some fungi (Figs. 51, 53) (constructed of hyphae or cellularly widened hyphae). scrobiculate: Figs 9i, 19c, pitted. secotioid: C p50 M fruiting body divided into cap and stipe but the stipe often being almost completely reduced and represented only by a columella attached to the cap part. The cap does not open, or only incompletely, the lamellae are only partial or ± deformed or not discernible and replaced by a chambered or spongy porous gleba. The spores are not actively detached but are dispersed by outside agencies. SEM: scanning electron microscope. septate: C having septa M hyphae with transverse walls (septa). septum, plural septa: a cross wall especially in a hypha or spore. serrate: Fig 13d, toothed. sessile: attached directly to the substrate, without a stipe. seta, plural setae: C Fig 26a, a long bristle-like hair M bristle-like hairs on surface (sometimes also hymenium). shallow (gill): Fig 11c. sheath: C Fig 20f, formed by a particular kind of partial veil which clothes the stipe like a sock M see volva. siderophilous: C staining blackish purple in aceto-carmine M iron-loving (carminophilous). Iron and various other metals form a complex aggregate with certain protein compounds in some basidia. This aggregate can be made more easily visible by bonding the metal to carmine. The carmine is thus bound to the proteins by means of the metal. These basidia then exhibit a dark granulation (method, see p. 15). sinuate (gill): Fig 11i, (gill attachment): 12g. skeletal hyphae: thick-walled hyphae of small internal diameter, not or only slightly branched, without septa or clamps, soon without plasma, penetrating throughout fruiting body. slack (in the dunes): damp hollow in coastal dunes. smooth (cap margin): Fig 8e. spatula-shaped: i.e. a ± tongue-shaped fruiting body. spathulate (cap): Fig 5c, spoon or spatula-shaped. sphaerocystidia or sphaerocysts: C (hymenophoral trama) Fig 27d, spherical hyphae M round cells, either on cap skin (Fig. 412), in veil or in pockets of such in flesh of Russulaceae. sphagnum: a particular moss of acid bogs. spindle-shaped (stipe): Fig 15g, fusiform. spines: Fig 11b, spore-bearing element of the hydnoid fungi. spore: reproductive unit (cell) of fungi. sporocarp: a general term for spore bearing organs, fruit body. sporogenous: spore-forming. sporophore: structure bearing the reproductive cells of a fungus on which the spores are carried. squamulose: with small scales. squarrose: with distinctly erect scales. sterigma, plural sterigmata: C spore-bearing processes arising on the tip of a basidium M spike-like outgrowths on basidia on which the basidiospores are attached. stipe: Figs 15-19, stalk of a fungus. stipitate: having a stipe. straight (cap margin): Fig 7a. striate (cap margin or stipe): Fig 5f, marked with faint delicate limes, grooves or ridges, often short on the cap margin. strigose (stipe): Fig 19c, 19d, with stiff hairs. Term often used for the stipe base. stroma: C fleshy or woody mass bearing the perithecia of certain Pyrenomycetideae M ± dense, sterile hyphal tissue on which the fruiting body (sometimes several) sits. Sometimes becoming fairly hard. stuffed (stipe): Fig 18b, used when the central part of the stipe is composed of more open or softer elements than tbe cortex. subcuticle: see hypoderm. subdecurrent: almost decurrent. subhymenium: areas of tissue beneath hymenium which sometimes contrast with the true trama by virtue of different structure (Figs. 427, 428). subhypogeal: fruiting body partially underground but with crown exposed. subiculum: C wool- or crust-like growth of mycelium under some fungi M cobwebby to tomentose hyphal mesh from which a group of small fruiting bodies develop (some reduced genera). sublimoniform: almost lemon-shaped. substrate: C on which the fungus grows or to which it is attached M material and source of nourishment on which fungi grow (earth, plant remains, wood, etc.). subulate: awl-shaped (of cystidia). sulcate (cap margin): C grooved, furrowed M with radiating furrows and ridges at cap margin, e.g. in Russula. sulphocystidium: Fig 26j, a cystidium which stains blue-black in sulpho-vanillin. superior (ring): Fig 20a, descending. suprahilar disc: see plage. suprapellis: the outermost layer of the pellis ('cuticle'). swollen (stipe): Fig 15e. symbionts: occurs when two or more organisms live together for their mutual benefit. synanamorph: term for any one of the two or more anamorphs which have the same teleomorph. synonym: another name for a species or group, especially one that has been superseded. systematics: study of the classification of living organisrns and their interrelationships.

tapering (stipe): Fig 15b, narrowing. taxon, plural taxa: see p11. taxonomy: study of the limits between different taxa. teleomorph: sexual form or morph. terrestrlal: growing on the ground. thallus: the vegetative body of the fungus, i.e. the mycelium. thickening (stipe): Fig 15c. tomentose: with a tomentum. tomentum: covering of hairs like very short velvet. toothed (gill edge): C Fig 13d M lamellae edges with fine, regular notches (finer than saw-edged). trama: C (hymenophoral) Fig 26, the mass of cells forming the 'flesh' of the fungus M in wider sense the flesh of a fruiting body, in narrower sense the lamellae trama, cap trama, stipe trama excluding surface tissue (subcuticle, hypoderm, cortex, subhymenium, etc.). tramal cystidia: in contrast to true cystidia, originating in the trama and not the subhymenium. tramal plates: sterile sheathing walls in the gleba of sectiois types and Gasteromycetes. transient: C soon disappearing M an organ which disappears with increasing age (usually the veil etc.). transparently striate: lamellae can be seen through the cap surface as darker striae (usually when the cap is wet). transveined (gill attachment): Fig l2j. triangular (gill shape): Fig 11h. trichoderm: C Fig 29b, a 'cuticle' with hair-like elements projecting from the surface M hyphae of the uppermost layer covering the cap ± at right angles to the surface but not strictly parallel and not constituting a hymeniform layer. Surface is velvety to lightly tornentose. Can also gelatinise (ixotrichoderrn) (Fig. 407). trichodermal palisade: hyphae vertical and fairly strictly parallel, but not all originating at same level as in hymenium (surface velvety, granular or pruinose) (e.g. various Boletus species). Terminal members sometimes formed as dermatocystidia (Fig. 413). tricholomatoid: Fig 31g, applied to any agaric with notched gills, a fleshy-fibrous stipe and no ring or volva. trimitic: C a hyphal system with three different kinds of hyphae M trama consisting of generative, binding and skeletal hyphae. truncate (cap): Fig 6h, cut off. tuherculate: warty, (no connection with Koch's bacillus). tubes: C Fig lia, element of the hymenophore of boletes and polypores M fine small tubes which packed together forrn the hymenium of the Boletaceae and Polyporaceae. tufted: in close groups, caespitose. turbinate: top-shaped. turf: short vegetation type, ± open (ground only partly covered), with many annual plants or plants with overwintering buds; includes closely cropped pasture, lawns.

ubiquitous: growing in a wide range of geographic or ecological sites. ultrastructure: structure at the molecular or electron microscope levei. umbilicate (cap): C Fig 6n, with a rather clearly delimited and rather narrow depression M cap centre ± markediy depressed, e.g. Leptonia. umbo: C a central swelling on the cap M cap centre raised above surrounding surface (Fig. 416). umbonate (cap): C Fig 6o, having an umbo M cap centre projects as obtuse dome or sharp cone (Figs. 29, 414). uncinate: with a decurrent tooth. universal veil: Fig 21, a layer of tissue completely enveloping the primordium. Often remains as a volva or loose scales on the cap.

vacuole: a fluid-filled space in a cell. veil: C Figs 20-21. See partial veil and universal veil M a covering which partly or completely encloses a fruiting body; partial: enclosing the hymenium (sometimes also the cap surface); universal: enclosing the whole fruiting body when young (Fig. 418). veined (cap): Fig 9f. velar: of the veil. velvety: densely and minutely soft haired, matt, sometimes suede-like. ventricose: C (gill shape) Fig iif; (stipe) Fig 110, swollen, deeply convex M stipe markedly thickened in middle part (Fig. 4) (also applies to cystidia). vernal: of the Spring. verrucose: warty. vinaceous: wine-coloured. viscid: extremely lubricious or oily, too slippery to hold. vix: hardly. volva: C Fig 21, remains of the universal veil if membraneous M (sheath) part of a membranous universal veil which surrounds the stipe base like a sheath or bag (Figs. 74, 75).

warty: C (cap margin) Fig 8h M surface with small wart-like protrusions, especially of spore membranes, ± isolated protrusions (Figs. 309-313). wavy (cap margin): Fig 8a, (gill edge) Fig l3b. weeping: secreting drops of liquid from lamellae edges, pore mouths, or stipe apex. wick: strand of hanging tissue within the upper pan of a hollow stipe. wrinkled (cap): Fig 9f.

zig-zag (stipe): Fig 19b, stipe having a coloured chevron or snake-skin pattern on a differently coloured ground. (gill attachment) ± free Fig 12b. zoned: cap with ± concentric zones of fibres, flakes, scales, colouration, spots of colour, etc.